Ethnic-Racial Socialization in the Family: A Decade's Advance on Precursors and Outcomes

In the current decade, the U.S. population reached historically high levels of ethnic-racial diversity and reelected the nation's first Black-White biracial President. Simultaneously, scholars also documented significant ethnic-racial inequities in education, increased xenophobia, and a racial climate that revealed deep-seated ethnic-racial tensions. Given this backdrop and acknowledging the significant role that families play in youths' abilities to navigate their social contexts, the current review focused on the literature on families' ethnic-racial socialization efforts with youth from the 2010 decade. Our review of 259 empirical articles revealed that there has been an exponential increase in research on family ethnic-racial socialization in this decade. Furthermore, although it is clear that family ethnic-racial socialization is a robust predictor of youths' adjustment, the associations between socialization and adjustment must be considered with attention to specific socialization strategies, the confluence of strategies used, and the unique contexts within which families' lives are embedded.