Distribution, sources, and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements in the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea: Under the long-term impact of the Yellow River input

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination is a common environmental issue in offshore regions worldwide. Water and sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River downstream and adjacent Laizhou Bay to investigate the residues, sources, and ecological risks of 11 typical PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, V, and Zn). The results indicated that the concentrations of PTEs in the sediments decreased from the Yellow River Estuary to the inner Laizhou Bay under the long-term effect of the Yellow River input. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three potential sources: natural origins, coastal anthropogenic activities (e.g., oil exploration and steel refining), and marine production (e.g., marine aquaculture and transportation). Among the PTEs, Cd was the most significant contaminant, with a contamination factor (CF) of 2.06 ? 0.78. Furthermore, Cd was the most sensitive factor used in evaluating the overall ecological risk using Monte Carlo analysis, with a contribution of up to 96%. Although the overall contamination and risk levels were low in the bay, a higher pollution load index (PLI) and risk index (RI) adjacent to the Yellow River Estuary indicated that the Yellow River remained the primary contributor to the PTEs contamination in the bay.