β-Actin protein expression differs in the submandibular glands of male and female mice

beta-actin, a cytoskeletal protein, is the most widely used housekeeping gene. Although housekeeping genes are expressed in all tissues, the beta-actin gene is expressed in certain cell types because of differential binding of transcriptional factors to the regulatory elements of the gene. The expression and localization of beta-actin protein in the submandibular glands (SMG) of mice were investigated in this study, using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. In ICR and C57BL/6J mice, the levels of beta-actin protein in the SMG of females are significantly higher than those in the SMG of males. beta-actin protein is majorly distributed in acinar cells of SMG. There is no significant difference in the expression level of beta-actin protein between females and castrated males. After castrated male ICR mice are treated with 10 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate (TP) for 3 weeks, the levels of beta-actin protein in SMG decrease. The numbers of duct per unit area increase, whereas the numbers of acinus per unit area decrease after TP administration. These data suggest that beta-actin protein is mainly distributed in acinar cells of SMG and results in a marked sexual dimorphism in mice.