Gender, race/ethnicity, and entrepreneurship: women entrepreneurs in a US south city

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how gender, interacting with race and ethnicity, plays a role in women entrepreneurship process and how women entrepreneurs' experiences shape and are shaped by their communities. Design/methodology/approach First, five-year 2010-2014 American Community Survey data are analyzed. Then, in-depth interview and focus groups discussion are conducted with 40 women business owners and the data are analyzed using the software package QSR Nvivo. Findings Women entrepreneurs face the challenges and the difficulties of managing both family roles and work. However, they have strategically negotiating with their multiple roles through entrepreneurship to gain independence and purpose, as well as the opportunity to contribute to society. In particular, their embeddedness within local communities provides meanings, opportunities, and functional strategies for their entrepreneurial activities. Research limitations/implications The study is based on only one study area. A larger sample size with more cases from multiple study areas can provide further insights. Practical implications Findings from this study have profound implications for practices of equitable growth, community development, and urban planning under the rapid growth of immigration. Originality/value First, extending focus on the social identity of "motherhood," this study argues for considering multiple social identities of women entrepreneurs and the intersectionality of multiple identities. Second, it extends the traditional focus of entrepreneurship studies from a singular focus on economic growth to include additional dimensions of work-life balance and sense of community. Third, place is not only a context but also acts powerfully into the entrepreneurial process. It argues that women entrepreneurs and their businesses are deeply embedded in local communities as their multiple identities are shaped at both home and work.