Sarcopenia assessed by skeletal muscle mass volume is a prognostic factor for oncological outcomes of rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery

y Introduction: Recently, sarcopenia has been reported to be associated with poor postoperative outcomes in various cancers. However, its clinical significance for rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by surgery remains unknown. Materials and methods: This study included 46 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent curative surgery after NACRT. Sarcopenia was assessed by measuring the cross-sectional psoas muscle area (PA) at L3 and total bilateral psoas muscle volume (PV). Patients with a lower PV or PA value than the median were assigned to the sarcopenia group while others were assigned to the nonsarcopenia group. Clinical outcomes were then compared between groups. Results: The sarcopenia group included 22 patients. The rate of overall postoperative complications did not differ between groups. Five-year relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly lower in the sarcopenia group when sarcopenia was assessed by PV after NACRT (44.0% vs. 82.6%, P = 0.00494). In contrast, RFS did not differ between groups when sarcopenia was assessed by PA. Multivariable analysis identified PV after NACRT as the most significant risk factor for RFS (hazard ratio 4.00; 95% CI 1.27-12.66, P = 0.018). Conclusion: Sarcopenia assessed by total PV after NACRT may be an accurate and reliable predictor of poor oncological outcomes in rectal cancer patients. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd, BASO similar to The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.