The water-energy-food nexus and COVID-19: Towards a systematization of impacts and responses

The COVID-19 pandemic offers an opportunity to examine the impacts of system-wide crises on key supply sec-tors such as water, energy and food. These sectors are becoming increasingly interlinked in environmental policy -making and with regard to achieving supply security. There is a pressing need for a systematization of impacts and responses beyond individual disruptions. This paper provides a holistic assessment of the implications of COVID-19 on the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. First, it integrates the academic literature related to single cases and disruptions to provide a broader view of COVID-19 demand-and supply-side disruptions and immedi-ate effects. Then, the major, long-term impact categories of medicalization/hygienization, (re)localization of pro-duction, and demand fluctuations are highlighted. These impacts result in priority cross-links such as irrigation, energy requirements for local food production, energy use for water and wastewater treatment, or water for en-ergy use. Finally, sector-level insights on impacts and responses are provided, drawing from illustrative cases. The analysis of impacts of COVID-19 on the WEF nexus reflects heterogeneous experiences of short-term adaptations, and highlights the revaluation of the water-food-trade nexus. Revived debates on food sufficiency can benefit from green applications to minimize expected trade-offs. The current crisis also reveals some gaps in the WEF nexus debates with regard to the lack of risk-based perspectives and the need for a better consideration of spatial aspects in resource integration. Regarding resource-security issues in the WEF nexus, the COVID-19 stress test boosts debates concerning the adequacy of the production value chains (e.g., contingency and storage, diversifi-cation, and self-sufficiency) and the value of cross-border integration (e.g., trade, globalization, and aid). (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.