EVALUATION OF THE LUMBAR KINEMATIC MEASURES THAT MOST CONSISTENTLY CHARACTERIZE LUMBAR MUSCLE ACTIVATION PATTERNS DURING TRUNK FLEXION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine which kinematic measure most consistently determined onset and cessation of the flexion-relaxation response. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design in a laboratory setting in which 20 asymptomatic university-aged (19.8-33.3 years old) participants were tested. Muscle activation was measured for the lumbar erector spinae, and 3-dimensional motion was recorded. Flexion-relaxation onset and cessation occurrences were determined for 10 standing maximum voluntary flexion trials. The lumbar and trunk angles at both events were expressed as unnormalized (degrees) and normalized (%Max: percentage of maximum voluntary flexion) measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation were calculated to determine within-and between-participant reliability, respectively. Results: Mean (SD) unnormalized flexion-relaxation angles ranged from 46.28 degrees (11.63) (lumbar onset) to 108.10 degrees (12.26) (trunk cessation), whereas normalized angles ranged from 71.31%Max (16.44) (trunk onset) to 94.83%Max (lumbar cessation). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.905 (normalized lumbar, left side, onset) to 0.995 (unnormalized lumbar, both sides, cessation). Coefficients of variation ranged from 3.56% (normalized lumbar, right side, cessation) to 26.02% (unnormalized trunk, left side, onset). Conclusions: The data suggest that, for asymptomatic individuals, unnormalized and normalized lumbar kinematics most consistently characterized flexion-relaxation angles within and between participants, respectively. Lumbar measures may be preferential when the flexion-relaxation response is investigated in future clinical and biomechanical studies.