A critical review on suitability and catalytic production of butyl levulinate as a blending molecule for green diesel

Butyl levulinate (BL), derived from bio-renewable resources, is a potential blending molecule for diesel fuel. Thus, essential characteristics such as boiling point, melting point, flash point, cetane number, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, density, and surface tension of different biorenewable molecules have been assessed. It is found that the BL can be the most suitable blending molecule for diesel fuel. Post this, the current state of the art for BL production via bio-chemo-catalytic routes has been reviewed. In particular, mechanistic insight into the role of feedstock structure such as levulinic acid, furfuryl alcohol, monosaccharides including fructose, glucose, xylose, polysaccharides including cellulose, inulin, sucrose and lignocellulosic biomass on BL production have been developed. It is followed by a critical discussion of the catalyst's physicochemical properties such as physical state, structure, functional groups, acidity, surface area, and pore size to elucidate their effect on each reactant conversion and BL yield. Thus, the current review focuses on the suitability of BL as a potential blending molecule and its production methods for application in green diesel.