How Did Early Earth Become Our Modern World?

Several features of Earth owe their origin to processes occurring during and shortly following Earth formation. Collisions with planetary embryos caused substantial melting of the growing Earth, leading to prolonged core formation, atmosphere outgassing, and deepening of the magma ocean as Earth grew. Mantle noble gas isotopic compositions and the mantle abundance of elements that partition into the core record this very early Earth differentiation. In contrast, the elements that are not involved in either core or atmosphere formation show surprisingly muted evidence of the fractionation expected during magma ocean crystallization, and even this minimal evidence for early intramantle differentiation appears to have been erased by mantle convection within similar to 1.5 billion years of Earth formation. By 4.36 Ga, Earth's surface and shallow interior had reached temperatures similar to those of the present Earth, and mantle melting, and perhaps plate subduction, was producing crustal rock types similar to those seen today. Remnants of early Earth differentiation may still exist in the deep mantle and continue to influence patterns of large-scale mantle convection, sequestration of some trace elements, geomagnetic reversals, vertical motions of continents, and hot-spot volcanism.