Carboetomidate A Pyrrole Analog of Etomidate Designed Not to Suppress Adrenocortical Function

Background: Etomidate is a sedative hypnotic that is often used in critically ill patients because it provides superior hemodynamic stability. However, it also binds with high affinity to 11 beta-hydroxylase, potently suppressing the synthesis of steroids by the adrenal gland that are necessary for survival. The authors report the results of studies to define the pharmacology of (R)-ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (carboetomidate), a pyrrole analog of etomidate specifically designed not to bind with high affinity to 11 beta-hydroxylase. Methods: The hypnotic potency of carboetomidate was defined in tadpoles and rats using loss of righting reflex assays. Its ability to enhance wild-type alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2l) and etomidate-insensitive mutant alpha(1)beta(2)M286W gamma(2l) human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor activities was assessed using electrophysiologic techniques. Its potency for inhibiting in vitro cortisol synthesis was defined using a human adrenocortical cell assay. Its effects on in vivo hemodynamic and adrenocortical function were defined in rats. Results: Carboetomidate was a potent hypnotic in tadpoles and rats. It increased currents mediated by wild-type but not etomidate-insensitive mutant gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Carboetomidate was a three orders of magnitude less-potent inhibitor of in vitro cortisol synthesis by adrenocortical cells than was etomidate. In rats, carboetomidate caused minimal hemodynamic changes and did not suppress adrenocortical function at hypnotic doses. Conclusions: Carboetomidate is an etomidate analog that retains many beneficial properties of etomidate, but it is dramatically less potent as an inhibitor of adrenocortical steroid synthesis. Carboetomidate is a promising new sedative hypnotic for potential use in critically ill patients in whom adrenocortical suppression is undesirable.