Static Physically Unclonable Functions for Secure Chip Identification With 1.9-5.8% Native Bit Instability at 0.6-1 V and 15 fJ/bit in 65 nm

A novel class of mono-stable static physically unclonable functions (PUFs) for secure key generation and chip identification is proposed. The fundamental concept is demonstrated through a 65 nm prototype that contains two different implementations, as well as several previously proposed PUFs to enable a fair comparison at iso-technology. From a statistical quality viewpoint, the achieved reproducibility and uniqueness are quantified by an intra-PUF Hamming distance (HD) lower than 1 and an inter-PUF HD of 128.35, for a 256-bit PUF output key. The keys generated by the proposed PUF pass all applicable NIST randomness tests. The measured energy per bit is as low as 15 fJ/bit. Native unstable bits are less than 2% at nominal conditions, less than 5% at 0.6-1 V and less than 6% in worst case scenario of 0.6 V voltage and 85 degrees C temperature, before applying any further post-silicon technique for stability enhancement.