Pest Activity and Protection Practices: Four Decades of Transformation in Quebec Apple Orchards

被引:4
作者
Chouinard, Gerald [1 ]
Pelletier, Francine [1 ]
Vincent, Charles [2 ]
机构
[1] Inst Rech & Dev Agroenvironm IRD, Lab Prod Fruitiere Integree, St Bruno De Montarville, PQ J3V 0G7, Canada
[2] Agr & Agri Food Canada, St Jean Sur Rihelieu Res & Dev Ctr, 430 Gouin Blvd, St Jean, PQ J3B 3E6, Canada
关键词
pesticides; risk indicators; environment; health; fruit damage; monitoring; protection costs; HOPLOCAMPA-TESTUDINEA HYMENOPTERA; CONOTRACHELUS-NENUPHAR HERBST; PHYTOPHAGOUS MIRIDS HEMIPTERA; PLUM CURCULIO COLEOPTERA; CODLING MOTH; AZINPHOSMETHYL RESISTANCE; OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER; MANAGEMENT; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE;
D O I
10.3390/insects12030197
中图分类号
Q96 [昆虫学];
学科分类号
摘要
Simple Summary Commercial orchards from Quebec (Canada) were followed for over 40 years to track patterns of activity of major fruit pests, fruit damage and impacts (environmental and financial) of pesticide applications. Some insects (as expected) were more prevalent in the insecticide-free orchard than in commercial orchards, while others were (surprisingly) more prevalent in commercial orchards or as prevalent in both orchard types. Annual fruit damage in the insecticide-free orchard was extremely high (as much as 98% for a single pest) and mostly from the apple maggot, the plum curculio and the codling moth. In commercial orchards, fruit damage was ten times less important and mostly from the plum curculio, the tarnished plant bug and the oblique-banded leafroller. The number of registered pesticides, the number of applications and the total cost of pesticides gradually increased from 1977 to 2019, while the environmental and health risks followed a downward trend for most pesticide categories. The historical trends presented here were likely modulated by external factors such as the pesticide regulatory framework, the arrival of non-native insects and climate change. A group of commercial orchards from Quebec (Canada) was followed from 1977 to 2019 as part of a project to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Collected data comprised activity of major fruit pests (from monitoring traps), fruit damage at harvest and pesticide applications, from which the annual costs and impacts of protection programs over 42 years were calculated. Activity and fruit damage in commercial orchards were compared to patterns observed in a reference insecticide-free orchard. Some insects (European apple sawfly, codling moth, apple maggot) were more prevalent in the insecticide-free orchard than in commercial orchards, while others were more prevalent in commercial orchards (oblique-banded leafroller) or as prevalent in both orchard types (tarnished plant bug). Annual fruit damage in the insecticide-free orchard was mostly from the apple maggot (up to 98%), the plum curculio (up to 90%) and the codling moth (up to 58%). The average situation was different in commercial orchards, whose damage was mostly from the plum curculio (up to 7.6%), the tarnished plant bug (up to 7.5%) and the oblique-banded leafroller (up to 1.7%). While the number of registered pesticides, the number of applications and the total cost of pesticides gradually increased from 2002 to 2019, the risks incurred, as measured by indicators of environmental and health impacts, followed a downward trend for insecticides and acaricides and varied slightly for fungicides.
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页码:1 / 27
页数:25
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