A Review of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Its History and Current Challenges

Mechanism of Action: External beam, whether with photons or particles, remains as the most common type of radiation therapy. The main drawback is that radiation deposits dose in healthy tissue before reaching its target. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the nuclear capture and fission reactions that occur when B-10 is irradiated with low-energy (0.0025 eV) thermal neutrons. The resulting B-10(n,alpha)Li-7 capture reaction produces high linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles, helium nuclei (He-4), and recoiling lithium-7 (Li-7) atoms. The short range (5-9 mu m) of the alpha particles limits the destructive effects within the boron-containing cells. In theory, BNCT can selectively destroy malignant cells while sparing adjacent normal tissue at the cellular levels by delivering a single fraction of radiation with high LET particles. History: BNCT has been around for many decades. Early studies were promising for patients with malignant brain tumors, recurrent tumors of the head and neck, and cutaneous melanomas; however, there were certain limitations to its widespread adoption and use. Current Limitations and Prospects: Recently, BNCT re-emerged owing to several developments: (1) small footprint accelerator-based neutron sources; (2) high specificity third-generation boron carriers based on monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticles, among others; and (3) treatment planning software and patient positioning devices that optimize treatment delivery and consistency.