Coffeehouses, guilds and oriental despotism government and civil society in late 17th to early 18th century Istanbul and Isfahan, and as seen from Paris and London

Montesquieu popularized the notion of Oriental Despotism as the type of government pertaining to a lawless society based on the equality of subjects in fear and powerlessness. It typified Europe's Other in the age of absolutism. This essay does not examine the idea of total despotic power directly but rather the assumption of the absence of law and its guarantee of a sphere of civil autonomy and agency which will anachronistically be called "civil society". While substantiating the emergence of a public sphere around coffee-houses, the growth of guilds on the basis of customary law and the development of educational and philanthropic endowments on the basis of the law of waqf we also take the opportunity to compare the civic and educational institutions of the Ottoman and Safavid empires in the 17(th) and early 18(th) centuries.