A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

被引：84

作者：

Abraham, J. ^{[9
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[73
,74
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[57
,60
]}

Aguirre, C. ^{[13
]}

Ahn, E. J. ^{[90
]}

Allard, D. ^{[29
]}

Allekotte, I. ^{[2
,3
]}

Allen, J. ^{[93
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[82
]}

Ambrosio, M. ^{[50
,51
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[103
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[73
,74
]}

Anzalone, A. ^{[59
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[50
,51
]}

Arganda, E. ^{[78
]}

Arisaka, K. ^{[98
]}

Arqueros, F. ^{[78
]}

Asch, T. ^{[36
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[2
,3
]}

Assis, P. ^{[73
,74
]}

Aublin, J. ^{[31
]}

Ave, M. ^{[35
,99
]}

Avila, G. ^{[10
,11
]}

Baecker, T. ^{[40
]}

Badagnani, D. ^{[6
,7
]}

Barber, K. B. ^{[12
]}

Barbosa, A. F. ^{[15
]}

Barroso, S. L. C. ^{[21
]}

Baughman, B. ^{[95
]}

Bauleo, P. ^{[88
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[95
]}

Beau, T. ^{[29
]}

Becker, B. R. ^{[102
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[34
]}

Belletoile, A. ^{[32
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[12
]}

BenZvi, S. ^{[1
]}

Berat, C. ^{[32
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[2
,3
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[37
]}

Billoir, P. ^{[31
]}

Blanch-Bigas, O. ^{[31
]}

Blanco, F. ^{[78
]}

Bleve, C. ^{[48
,49
]}

Bluemer, H. ^{[35
,39
]}

Bohacova, M. ^{[26
,99
]}

Boncioli, D. ^{[52
,53
]}

Bonifazi, C. ^{[31
]}

Bonino, R. ^{[57
,60
]}

Borodai, N. ^{[71
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA

[2] Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[3] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, CNEA, UNCuyo, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[4] UTN FRBA, CONICET, Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Ctr Atom Constituyentes, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[5] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Fis, FCEyN, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[6] Univ Natl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[7] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[8] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[9] Natl Technol Univ, Fac Mendoza, CONICET, CNEA, Mendoza, Argentina

[10] Pierre Auger So Observ, Malargue, Argentina

[11] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[12] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[13] Univ Catolica Bolivia, La Paz, Plurinational S, Bolivia

[14] Univ Mayor San Andres, La Paz, Plurinational S, Bolivia

[15] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[16] Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[17] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

[18] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil

[19] Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil

[20] Univ Estadual Feira de Santana, Feira De Santana, Brazil

[21] Univ Estadual Sudoeste Bahia, Vitoria Da Conquista, BA, Brazil

[22] Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

[23] Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil

[24] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[25] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[26] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[27] Palacky Univ, CR-77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic

[28] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, IPNO, F-91405 Orsay, France

[29] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab AstroParticule & Cosmol APC, Paris, France

[30] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, LAL, F-91405 Orsay, France

[31] Univ Paris 06, LPNHE, Paris, France

[32] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IN2P3, INPG,LPSC, Grenoble, France

[33] CNRS, IN2P3, SUBATECH, Nantes, France

[34] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

[35] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[36] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[37] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-5300 Bonn, Germany

[38] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst A 3, Aachen, Germany

[39] Univ Karlsruhe TH, Inst Expt Kernphys IEKP, Karlsruhe, Germany

[40] Univ Siegen, Siegen, Germany

[41] Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

[42] Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, Genoa, Italy

[43] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-16146 Genoa, Italy

[44] Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy

[45] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Laquila, Italy

[46] Univ Milan, Milan, Italy

[47] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Milan, Italy

[48] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Fis, Lecce, Italy

[49] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lecce, Italy

[50] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

来源：

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS | 2010年 / 33卷 / 02期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 澳大利亚研究理事会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会;

关键词：

Cosmic rays; Extensive air showers; Air fluorescence method; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Lidar; Bi-static lidar; COSMIC-RAY SHOWERS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; ANGSTROM EXPONENT; SURFACE DETECTOR; LIGHT-EMISSION; DEPENDENCE; PROFILES; RELEVANT; SYSTEM; DEPTH;

D O I：

10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.12.005

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：108 / 129

页数：22

共 66 条

[1] Techniques for measuring atmospheric aerosols at the high resolution fly's eye experiment [J].

Abbasi, R ;

Abu-Zayyad, T ;

Amann, JF ;

Archbold, GC ;

Belov, K ;

BenZvi, S ;

Belz, JW ;

Bergman, DR ;

Boyer, J ;

Cannon, CT ;

Cao, Z ;

Connolly, BM ;

Fedorova, J ;

Finley, CB ;

Girard, JHV ;

Gray, RC ;

Hanlon, WP ;

Hoffman, CM ;

Holzscheiter, MH ;

Hughes, GA ;

Hüntemeyer, P ;

Jui, CCH ;

Kim, K ;

Kirn, MA ;

Knapp, B ;

Loh, EC ;

Martens, K ;

Manago, N ;

Mannel, EJ ;

Matthews, JAJ ;

Matthews, JN ;

Mumford, JR ;

O'Neill, A ;

Riehle, R ;

Reil, K ;

Roberts, MD ;

Seman, M ;

Schnetzer, SR ;

Shen, P ;

Sinnis, G ;

Smith, JD ;

Sokolsky, P ;

Song, C ;

Springer, RW ;

Stokes, BT ;

Thomas, SB ;

Thomson, GB ;

Tupa, D ;

Westerhoff, S ;

Wiencke, LR .

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2006, 25 (01) :74-83

[2] The FLASH thick-target experiment [J].

Abbasi, R. ;

Alu-Zayyad, T. ;

Belov, K. ;

Belz, J. ;

Bergman, D. R. ;

Cao, Z. ;

Chang, F. Y. ;

Chen, C. -C. ;

Chen, C. W. ;

Chen, P. ;

Dalton, M. ;

Fedorova, Y. ;

Field, C. ;

Hast, C. ;

Huang, M. A. ;

Huentemeyer, P. ;

Hwang, W. -Y. P. ;

Iverson, R. ;

Jones, B. F. ;

Jui, C. C. H. ;

Lin, G. -L. ;

Loh, E. C. ;

Manago, N. ;

Martens, K. ;

Matthews, J. N. ;

Maestas, M. ;

Ng, J. S. T. ;

Odian, A. ;

Reil, K. ;

Rodriguez, D. ;

Smith, J. ;

Sokolsky, R. ;

Springer, R. W. ;

Thomas, J. ;

Thornas, S. ;

Thomson, G. ;

Walz, D. ;

Zech, A. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 597 (01) :37-40

[3] Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory [J].

Abraham, J. ;

Abreu, P. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Aguirre, C. ;

Ahn, E. J. ;

Allard, D. ;

Allekotte, I. ;

Allen, J. ;

Allison, P. ;

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ;

Ambrosio, M. ;

Anchordoqui, L. ;

Andringa, S. ;

Anzalone, A. ;

Aramo, C. ;

Arganda, E. ;

Argiro, S. ;

Arisaka, K. ;

Arneodo, F. ;

Arqueros, F. ;

Asch, T. ;

Asorey, H. ;

Assis, P. ;

Aublin, J. ;

Ave, M. ;

Avila, G. ;

Baecker, T. ;

Badagnani, D. ;

Barber, K. B. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Baughman, B. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Beau, T. ;

Becker, B. R. ;

Becker, K. H. ;

Belletoile, A. ;

Bellido, J. A. ;

BenZvi, S. ;

Berat, C. ;

Bernardini, P. ;

Bertou, X. ;

Biermann, P. L. ;

Billoir, P. ;

Blanch-Bigas, O. ;

Blanco, F. ;

Bleve, C. ;

Bluemer, H. ;

Bohacova, M. .

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2009, 32 (02) :89-99

[4] Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4x1019 eV [J].

Abraham, J. ;

Abreu, P. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Aguirre, C. ;

Allard, D. ;

Allekotte, I. ;

Allen, J. ;

Allison, P. ;

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ;

Ambrosio, M. ;

Anchordoqui, L. ;

Andringa, S. ;

Anzalone, A. ;

Aramo, C. ;

Argiro, S. ;

Arisaka, K. ;

Armengaud, E. ;

Arneodo, F. ;

Arqueros, F. ;

Asch, T. ;

Asorey, H. ;

Assis, P. ;

Atulugama, B. S. ;

Aublin, J. ;

Ave, M. ;

Avila, G. ;

Backer, T. ;

Badagnani, D. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Barnhill, D. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Baughman, B. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Beau, T. ;

Becker, B. R. ;

Becker, K. H. ;

Bellido, J. A. ;

BenZvi, S. ;

Berat, C. ;

Bergmann, T. ;

Bernardini, P. ;

Bertou, X. ;

Biermann, P. L. ;

Billoir, P. ;

Blanch-Bigas, O. ;

Blanco, F. ;

Blasi, P. ;

Bleve, C. ;

Mer, H. Blu .

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2008, 101 (06)

[5]

ABRAHAM J, NUCL INSTRUM A UNPUB

[6] Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition from 1017 to 1018.3 eV using a hybrid technique [J].

Abu-Zayyad, T ;

Belov, K ;

Bird, DJ ;

Boyer, J ;

Cao, Z ;

Catanese, M ;

Chen, GF ;

Clay, RW ;

Covault, CE ;

Dai, HY ;

Dawson, BR ;

Elbert, JW ;

Fick, BE ;

Fortson, LF ;

Fowler, JW ;

Gibbs, KG ;

Glasmacher, MAK ;

Green, KD ;

Ho, Y ;

Huang, A ;

Jui, CC ;

Kidd, MJ ;

Kieda, DB ;

Knapp, BC ;

Ko, S ;

Larsen, CG ;

Lee, W ;

Loh, EC ;

Mannel, EJ ;

Matthews, J ;

Matthews, JN ;

Newport, BJ ;

Nitz, DF ;

Ong, RA ;

Simpson, KM ;

Smith, JD ;

Sinclair, D ;

Sokolsky, P ;

Sommers, P ;

Song, C ;

Tang, JKK ;

Thomas, SB ;

van der Velde, JC ;

Wiencke, LR ;

Wilkinson, CR ;

Yoshida, S ;

Zhang, XZ .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2001, 557 (02) :686-699

[7] The surface detector system of the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Allekotte, I. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Civit, B. ;

Escobar, C. O. ;

Garcia, B. ;

Guedes, G. ;

Berisso, M. Gomez ;

Harton, J. L. ;

Healy, M. ;

Kaducak, M. ;

Mantsch, P. ;

Mazur, P. O. ;

Newman-Holmes, C. ;

Pepe, I. ;

Rodriguez-Cabo, I. ;

Salazar, H. ;

Grande, N. Smetniansky-De ;

Warner, D. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 586 (03) :409-420

[8] `Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry parameter [J].

Andrews, E ;

Sheridan, PJ ;

Fiebig, M ;

McComiskey, A ;

Ogren, JA ;

Arnott, P ;

Covert, D ;

Elleman, R ;

Gasparini, R ;

Collins, D ;

Jonsson, H ;

Schmid, B ;

Wang, J .

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 2006, 111 (D5)

[9]

Angstrom A., 1929, GEOGR ANN, V11, P156, DOI [DOI 10.2307/519399, 10.2307/519399]

[10]

[Anonymous], 1976, OPTICS ATMOSPHERE

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 →