Restricted patterns of CD44 variant exon expression in human papillary thyroid carcinoma

CD44 is a polymorphic family of cell surface proteoglycans and glycoproteins implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion interactions, cell migration, and tumor metastasis. CD44 exists as a standard form and as multiple isoforms arising from alternative splicing of variant exons (termed v1-v10) encoding parts of the extracellular domain. We demonstrated previously that papillary thyroid carcinomas exhibit aberrant patterns of alternative CD44 mRNA splicing (G. Ermak et al., Cancer Res., 55: 4594-4598, 1995). In the present report, we use reverse transcription-PCR using a new high-performance polymerase formulation (Ex Taq; TaKaRa Shuzo Co., Ltd., Otsu, Japan), followed by Southern hybridization, and demonstrate that alternative exon usage in papillary thyroid carcinomas is restricted primarily to exons v6, v7, v8, v9, and v10, with weak expression of v3. Expression of v8 is tightly linked to v9 and closely related to v10 expression. Also, v6 and v7 expression are closely related. Papillary thyroid cancers exhibit a marked increase in specific mRNA species containing combinations of exons v6 to v10. Several isoforms found in papillary cancers are not detectable in histologically normal tissue derived from the corresponding contralateral thyroid lobes. Examples include a 750-bp v6- and v7-containing PCR product and a 650-bp v8- and v9-containing PCR product. Finally, a novel 530-bp PCR product was discovered and shown to contain a subsegment from exon 4 joined to a subsegment of exon 13 (v8), followed by the complete sequence of exons 14 (v9) and 15 (v10). This novel isoform was present in both the papillary cancers and contralateral tissues. In conclusion, papillary thyroid cancers exhibit specific patterns of aberrant alternative CD44 splicing, distinguishing them from histologically normal thyroid tissue.