Age-related and individual variations in altered prefrontal and cerebellar connectivity associated with the tendency of developing internet addiction

Internet addiction refers to problematic patterns of internet use that continually alter the neural organization and brain networks that control impulsive behaviors and inhibitory functions. Individuals with elevated tendencies to develop internet addiction represent the transition between healthy and clinical conditions and may progress to behavioral addictive disorders. In this network neuroscience study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine how and whether individual variations in the tendency of developing internet addiction rewire functional connectivity and diminish the amplitude of spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations in healthy brains. The influence of neurocognitive aging (aged over 60 years) on executive-cerebellar networks responsible for internet addictive behavior was also investigated. Our results revealed that individuals with an elevated tendency of developing internet addiction had disrupted executive-cerebellar networks but increased occipital-putamen connectivity, probably resulting from addiction-sensitive cognitive control processes and bottom-up sensory plasticity. Neurocognitive aging alleviated the effects of reduced mechanisms of prefrontal and cerebellar connectivity, suggesting age-related modulation of addiction-associated brain networks in response to compulsive internet use. Our findings highlight age-related and individual differences in altered functional connectivity and the brain networks of individuals at a high risk of developing internet addictive disorders. These results offer novel network-based preclinical markers of internet addictive behaviors for individuals of different ages.