Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus

被引：273

作者：

Postberg, Frank ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Khawaja, Nozair ^{[1
]}

Abel, Bernd ^{[4
]}

Choblet, Gael ^{[5
]}

Glein, Christopher R. ^{[6
]}

Gudipati, Murthy S. ^{[7
]}

Henderson, Bryana L. ^{[7
]}

Hsu, Hsiang-Wen ^{[8
]}

Kempf, Sascha ^{[8
]}

Klenner, Fabian ^{[1
]}

Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg ^{[9
]}

Magee, Brian ^{[6
,8
]}

Noelle, Lenz ^{[1
]}

Perry, Mark ^{[10
]}

Reviol, Rene ^{[1
]}

Schmidt, Jurgen ^{[11
]}

Srama, Ralf ^{[9
]}

Stolz, Ferdinand ^{[4
,12
]}

Tobie, Gabriel ^{[5
]}

Trieloff, Mario ^{[1
,2
]}

Waite, J. Hunter ^{[6
]}

机构：

[1] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Geowissensch, Heidelberg, Germany

[2] Heidelberg Univ, Klaus Tschira Lab Kosmochem, Heidelberg, Germany

[3] Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, Berlin, Germany

[4] Leibniz Inst Oberflachenmodifizierung IOM, Leipzig, Germany

[5] Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, Nantes, France

[6] Southwest Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX USA

[7] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA

[8] Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[9] Univ Stuttgart, Inst Raumfahrtsyst, Stuttgart, Germany

[10] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA

[11] Univ Oulu, Astron Res Unit, Oulu, Finland

[12] Univ Leipzig, Wilhelm Ostwald Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, Leipzig, Germany

来源：

NATURE | 2018年 / 558卷 / 7711期

基金：

芬兰科学院; 欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

COSMIC DUST ANALYZER; NEUTRAL MASS-SPECTROMETER; SEA SPRAY AEROSOL; E-RING; HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS; CASSINI ION; PLUME; WATER; PARTICLES; ORIGIN;

D O I：

10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Saturn's moon Enceladus harbours a global water ocean(1), which lies under an ice crust and above a rocky core(2). Through warm cracks in the crust(3) a cryo-volcanic plume ejects ice grains and vapour into space(4-7) that contain materials originating from the ocean(8,9). Hydrothermal activity is suspected to occur deep inside the porous core(10-12), powered by tidal dissipation(13). So far, only simple organic compounds with molecular masses mostly below 50 atomic mass units have been observed in plume material(6,14,15). Here we report observations of emitted ice grains containing concentrated and complex macromolecular organic material with molecular masses above 200 atomic mass units. The data constrain the macromolecular structure of organics detected in the ice grains and suggest the presence of a thin organic-rich film on top of the oceanic water table, where organic nucleation cores generated by the bursting of bubbles allow the probing of Enceladus' organic inventory in enhanced concentrations.

引用

页码：564 / +

页数：26

共 78 条

[1] The origin and evolution of chondrites recorded in the elemental and isotopic compositions of their macromolecular organic matter [J].

Alexander, C. M. O'D. ;

Fogel, M. ;

Yabuta, H. ;

Cody, G. D. .

GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA, 2007, 71 (17) :4380-4403

[2] The nature, origin and modification of insoluble organic matter in chondrites, the major source of Earth's C and N [J].

Alexander, C. M. O'D. ;

Cody, G. D. ;

De Gregorio, B. T. ;

Nittler, L. R. ;

Stroud, R. M. .

CHEMIE DER ERDE-GEOCHEMISTRY, 2017, 77 (02) :227-256

[3] Organics in comet 67P-a first comparative analysis of mass spectra from ROSINA-DFMS, COSAC and Ptolemy [J].

Altwegg, Kathrin ;

Balsiger, H. ;

Berthelier, J. J. ;

Bieler, A. ;

Calmonte, U. ;

Fuselier, S. A. ;

Goesmann, F. ;

Gasc, S. ;

Gombosi, T. I. ;

Le Roy, L. ;

de Keyser, J. ;

Morse, A. ;

Rubin, M. ;

Schuhmann, M. ;

Taylor, M. G. G. T. ;

Tzou, C. -Y. ;

Wright, I. .

MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2017, 469 :S130-S141

[4]

[Anonymous], 2005, ORG CHEM, DOI [10.1016/0022-2860(76)87024-X, DOI 10.1016/0022-2860(76)87024-X]

[5]

[Anonymous], 1984, PETROLEUM FORMATION

[6] Carbon-rich dust in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by COSIMA/Rosetta [J].

Bardyn, Anais ;

Baklouti, Donia ;

Cottin, Herve ;

Fray, Nicolas ;

Briois, Christelle ;

Paquette, John ;

Stenzel, Oliver ;

Engrand, Cecile ;

Fischer, Henning ;

Hornung, Klaus ;

Isnard, Robin ;

Langevin, Yves ;

Lehto, Harry ;

Le Roy, Lena ;

Ligier, Nicolas ;

Merouane, Sihane ;

Modica, Paola ;

Orthous-Daunay, Francois-Regis ;

Ryno, Jouni ;

Schulz, Rita ;

Silen, Johan ;

Thirkell, Laurent ;

Varmuza, Kurt ;

Zaprudin, Boris ;

Kissel, Jochen ;

Hilchenbach, Martin .

MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2017, 469 :S712-S722

[7] A physically based framework for modeling the organic fractionation of sea spray aerosol from bubble film Langmuir equilibria [J].

Burrows, S. M. ;

Ogunro, O. ;

Frossard, A. A. ;

Russell, L. M. ;

Rasch, P. J. ;

Elliott, S. M. .

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2014, 14 (24) :13601-13629

[8] How to make big molecules fly out of liquid water: applications, features and physics of laser assisted liquid phase dispersion mass spectrometry [J].

Charvat, Ales ;

Abel, Bernd .

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 2007, 9 (26) :3335-3360

[9] Powering prolonged hydrothermal activity inside Enceladus [J].

Choblet, Gael ;

Tobie, Gabriel ;

Sotin, Christophe ;

Behounkova, Marie ;

Cadek, Ondrej ;

Postberg, Frank ;

Soucek, Ondrej .

NATURE ASTRONOMY, 2017, 1 (12) :841-847

[10] Establishing a molecular relationship between chondritic and cometary organic solids [J].

Cody, George D. ;

Heying, Emily ;

Alexander, Conel M. O. ;

Nittler, Larry R. ;

Kilcoyne, A. L. David ;

Sandford, Scott A. ;

Stroud, Rhonda M. .

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2011, 108 (48) :19171-19176

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 →