Protein-energy malnutrition in older Australians: A narrative review of the prevalence, causes and consequences of malnutrition, and strategies for prevention

Issue addressed Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a condition of involuntary weight and muscle loss caused by inadequate nutritional intake. In Australia, it is predominantly associated with chronic diseases, as are common in the older population. Given the ageing population of Australia, and the poor outcomes associated with PEM, there is a need to identify the contributing factors, and to explore strategies to prevent PEM. Methods Two databases were searched for pertinent keywords, including malnutrition, Australia and elderly, with relevant articles selected for inclusion. The citations and references of these articles were also searched for further articles. Results PEM is associated with increasing age and institutionalisation. The contributing factors are multifactorial, and include physiological, pathophysiological and structural causes. PEM is a significant public health issue for Australia, in terms of its consequences on both quality of life for older adults, and the burden on the healthcare system. However, there are strategies that can be implemented at the community, organisation and policy level to prevent PEM. Conclusion PEM is a common problem for older Australians, and this has important physiological and public health consequences, especially in the context of the ageing Australian population. However, there is significant scope for preventing PEM. So what? Readers can be advised that PEM is a significant public health issue that will increase in importance as the population continues to age. It is important that communities, organisations and governments develop strategies to prevent PEM.