Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary artery stenting

Purpose. Updates to the primary literature and clinical practice guidelines on use of antithrombotic combinations for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and stenting are reviewed. Summary. Up to 8% of patients undergoing PCI have AF and thus require both antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies, which put them at increased risk for bleeding. Current literature suggests that using a single antiplatelet agent in combination with oral anticoagulation with a direct-acting oral anticoagulant (i.e., dual therapy) is effective and associated with less bleeding risk than triple therapy (dual antiplatelet therapy plus an oral anticoagulant) in patients with AF undergoing PCI with stent placement. The most recently studied dual therapy regimens consist of clopidogrel in combination with apixaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran. Guidelines recommend use of an oral anticoagulant plus clopidogrel and aspirin for a short period of time. In general, aspirin should be discontinued in most patients at discharge. In patients with a high risk of thrombosis, aspirin can be continued for up to 1 month. Dual therapy should be continued for 12 months, with oral anticoagulant monotherapy continued thereafter. Conclusion. A review of current literature on antithrombotic therapy in patients with AF undergoing PCI and subsequent coronary artery stenting indicates that the favored regimen is dual therapy consisting of clopidogrel with rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, or a vitamin K antagonist. Aspirin may be used in the periprocedural period but should be discontinued thereafter to reduce the risk of bleeding. Decisions regarding specific agents and duration of treatment should be based on thrombotic risk, bleeding risk, and patient preference.