Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Normal Breast Tissue, Breast In Situ Carcinoma, and Invasive Breast Cancer

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used in cancer treatment to induce programmed cell death in transformed cells of the hematopoietic system and to lessen side effects. Moreover, GCs have been described not only as inhibitors of some chemotherapy or radiation-induced apoptosis, but also as inhibitors of cancer progression by down-regulation or up-regulation of different gene expressions. Recently, it has been suggested that GCs can attenuate estrogen responses through induction of expression and activity of the sulfotransferase. The presence or absence of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in normal and abnormal breast tissue is thus interesting, and the aim of this study was to analyze the expression of GR during the progression of breast tissue. We tested by immunohistochemistry the expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and GR in normal breast parenchyma (n = 49), ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN) 1a (n = 9), DIN 1b-1c (n = 15), DIN 2-3 (n = 21), and invasive breast carcinoma (n = 39). The evaluation of GR expression was made by using the Allred score. All the normal parenchyma, DIN 1a, DIN 1b, and DIN 1c were ER-positive (ER+) and PR-positive (PR+). Seventeen of 21 DIN 2-3 and 30 of 39 invasive carcinomas were ER+/PR+. The other samples were ER-negative (ER-) and PR-negative (PR-). Moreover, all the ER-/PR- samples were GR-negative. Interestingly, we found a significant correlation between the histologic grade and the GR-negative tumors, and a percentage of positive patients presented with nuclear immunoreaction to GR, which decreases significantly with tumor histologic grade. Understanding the role of GCs in breast carcinoma is thus essential before continuing the widespread use of GCs combined with antineoplastic drugs or agents in the clinical management of women with breast cancer.