Phase unwrapping in 4D MR flow with a 4D single-step laplacian algorithm

PurposeTo introduce and demonstrate a method for unwrapping 4D flow data by utilizing continuity constraints in all four available dimensions. Materials and MethodsA Laplacian-based algorithm for unwrapping phase data was expanded to unwrap along the temporal dimension in addition to all three spatial dimensions. The method was tested on simulated blood flow under varying vessel diameters and velocity encoding (V-enc) values. The algorithm was also tested in the aorta of five volunteers, with wrapped data acquired with V-enc=80cm/s and 40cm/s. Unwrapping performance was measured visually and in comparison to a high V-enc reference free of phase wrapping. Ten patients with aortic coarctations with clinical V-enc values and lower-V-enc reconstructions were corrected and scored by blinded reviewers on a 0-3 scale. ResultsSimulated data were completely unwrapped for most clinically relevant levels of velocity aliasing using the proposed method. In vivo data in the aorta were completely unwrapped for cases of moderate wrapping (V-enc=80cm/s, peak velocities=approximate to 160cm/s), while residual aliasing remained for the more considerably aliased datasets (V-enc=40cm/s). Improvements were seen in scoring (mean score improved by 1.1 and 2.2 for clinical and low-V-enc datasets, respectively) by the blinded reviewers in the patient cohort for both standard and low-V-enc reconstructions. ConclusionA computationally fast, fully automated, easy to use, and parameter-free single-step method for unwrapping 4D flow data is shown to be effective for use in most common clinical occurrences of velocity aliasing. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:833-842