Information retrieval in hydrochemical data using the latent semantic indexing approach

The latent semantic indexing (LSI) method was applied for the retrieval of similar samples (those samples with a similar composition) in a dataset of groundwater samples The LSI procedure was. based on two steps: (i) reduction of the data dimensionality by principal component analysis (PCA) and (ii) calculation of a similarity between selected samples (queries) and other samples. The similarity measures were expressed as the cosine similarity, the Euclidean and Manhattan distances. Five queries were chosen so as to represent different sampling localities. The original data space of 14 variables measured in 95 samples of groundwater was reduced to the three-dimensional space of the three largest principal components which explained nearly 80% of the total variance. The five most proximity samples to each query were evaluated. The LSI outputs were compared with the retrievals in the orthogonal system of all variables transformed by PCA and in the system of standardized original variables. most of these retrievals did not agree with the LSI ones, most likely because both systems contained the interfering data noise which was not preliminary removed by the dimensionality reduction. Therefore the LSI approach based on the noise filtration was considered to be a promising strategy for information retrieval in real hydrochemical data.