UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the UK Earth System Model

被引：616

作者：

Sellar, Alistair A. ^{[1
]}

Jones, Colin G. ^{[2
,3
]}

Mulcahy, Jane P. ^{[1
]}

Tang, Yongming ^{[1
]}

Yool, Andrew ^{[4
]}

Wiltshire, Andy ^{[1
]}

O'Connor, Fiona M. ^{[1
]}

Stringer, Marc ^{[2
,5
]}

Hill, Richard ^{[1
]}

Palmieri, Julien ^{[4
]}

Woodward, Stephanie ^{[1
]}

de Mora, Lee ^{[6
]}

Kuhlbrodt, Till ^{[2
,5
]}

Rumbold, Steven T. ^{[2
,5
]}

Kelley, Douglas, I ^{[7
]}

Ellis, Rich ^{[7
]}

Johnson, Colin E. ^{[2
,3
]}

Walton, Jeremy ^{[1
]}

Abraham, Nathan Luke ^{[2
,8
]}

Andrews, Martin B. ^{[1
]}

Andrews, Timothy ^{[1
]}

Archibald, Alex T. ^{[2
,8
]}

Berthou, Segolene ^{[1
]}

Burke, Eleanor ^{[1
]}

Blockley, Ed ^{[1
]}

Carslaw, Ken ^{[2
,3
]}

Dalvi, Mohit ^{[1
]}

Edwards, John ^{[1
]}

Folberth, Gerd A. ^{[1
]}

Gedney, Nicola ^{[1
]}

Griffiths, Paul T. ^{[2
,8
]}

Harper, Anna B. ^{[9
]}

Hendry, Maggie A. ^{[1
]}

Hewitt, Alan J. ^{[1
]}

Johnson, Ben ^{[1
]}

Jones, Andy ^{[1
]}

Jones, Chris D. ^{[1
]}

Keeble, James ^{[2
,8
]}

Liddicoat, Spencer ^{[1
]}

Morgenstern, Olaf ^{[10
]}

Parker, Robert J. ^{[11
,12
]}

Predoi, Valeriu ^{[2
,5
]}

Robertson, Eddy ^{[1
]}

Siahaan, Antony ^{[13
]}

Smith, Robin S. ^{[2
,5
]}

Swaminathan, Ranjini ^{[5
,11
]}

Woodhouse, Matthew T. ^{[14
]}

Zeng, Guang ^{[10
]}

Zerroukat, Mohamed ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England

[2] Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[3] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[4] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England

[5] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England

[6] Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth, Devon, England

[7] UK Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England

[8] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge, England

[9] Univ Exeter, Dept Math, Exeter, Devon, England

[10] NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand

[11] Natl Ctr Earth Observat, Leicester, Leics, England

[12] Univ Leicester, Sch Phys & Astron, Earth Observat Sci, Leicester, Leics, England

[13] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England

[14] CSIRO, Climate Sci Ctr, Aspendale, Vic, Australia

来源：

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS | 2019年 / 11卷 / 12期

基金：

欧盟地平线“2020”;

关键词：

ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES; STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; CLIMATE-COMPOSITION MODEL; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; CARBON-CYCLE; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; SEA-ICE; GLOBAL DATABASE; AIR-QUALITY; PART;

D O I：

10.1029/2019MS001739

中图分类号：

P4 [大气科学（气象学）];

学科分类号：

0706 ; 070601 ;

摘要：

We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2-ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These include a new core physical model with a well-resolved stratosphere; terrestrial biogeochemistry with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles and enhanced land management; tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry allowing the holistic simulation of radiative forcing from ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide; two-moment, five-species, modal aerosol; and ocean biogeochemistry with two-way coupling to the carbon cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The complexity of coupling between the ocean, land, and atmosphere physical climate and biogeochemical cycles in UKESM1 is unprecedented for an Earth system model. We describe in detail the process by which the coupled model was developed and tuned to achieve acceptable performance in key physical and Earth system quantities and discuss the challenges involved in mitigating biases in a model with complex connections between its components. Overall, the model performs well, with a stable pre-industrial state and good agreement with observations in the latter period of its historical simulations. However, global mean surface temperature exhibits stronger-than-observed cooling from 1950 to 1970, followed by rapid warming from 1980 to 2014. Metrics from idealized simulations show a high climate sensitivity relative to previous generations of models: Equilibrium climate sensitivity is 5.4 K, transient climate response ranges from 2.68 to 2.85 K, and transient climate response to cumulative emissions is 2.49 to 2.66 K TtC(-1).

引用

页码：4513 / 4558

页数：46

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