Porous shape memory dental implant by reactive sintering of TiH2-Ni-Urea mixture

We produced bifurcated bone-like shape memory implant (BL-SMI) with desirable tooth-root fixation capability by compact-sintering of TiH2-Ni-urea mixture. The primary constituents of the porous product were Ni and Ti. We could adjust the pores shape, size, and interconnectivity for favorite bone ingrowth by using urea as a space holder. Without urea, we obtained an average porosity of 0.30, and a mean void size of 100 mu m. With 70 vol % urea, we got 62% interconnected pores of 400 mu m average size. Aging allowed us to tune the austenite-martensite transformation temperatures towards the needed body tissue arouse. Differential scanning calorimetry measured the transformation temperatures. Their austenite start, austenite peak, and austenite finish values were A(s) = 4, A(p) = 22, and A(f) = 34 degrees C, respectively. They retained functional shape recovery and superelastic effect at the body temperature. Mechanical properties, including Young's modulus of the specimens, matched well to maxilla and mandible bone tissue. The measured Young's modulus of the NiTi specimens was as low as 3.5 GPa, which decreased to similar to 2.1 GPa with further porosity increase at higher space holder percentages. Superelasticity regime and low Young's modulus of the implant could potentially prevent stress-shielding from the surrounding bone tissues and give rise to secure fixation of the implant into the bone socket. Bending tests showed 0.9 mm recoverable deflection for specimens which assisted immediate self-fixation of the implant into the jaw bone cavity.