Proton beam therapy for skull base chordomas in 106 patients: A dose adaptive radiation protocol

Background and purpose: To evaluate clinical results and safety of a dose adaptive protocol based on tumor volume coverage and critical structure constraints, for the treatment of skull base chordomas. Material and methods: Between May 2006 and October 2012, 106 patients with skull base chordoma were treated by combined photon and proton irradiation. Prescribed dose levels were 68.4, 70.2, 72 and 73.8 Gy(RBE) in once daily fractionation of 1.8 Gy(RBE). Dose level and dosimetric constraints to organs at risk depended on postoperative residual Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) coverage. Local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: With a median follow-up of 61 months, the 2-year, 4-year, and 5-year LC rates were 88.6%, 78.3%, and 75.1%, respectively. GTV > 25 mL (p = 0.034, HR = 2.22; 95% CI 1.06-4.62) was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor of LC. The 2-year, 4-year, and 5-year OS rates were 99%, 90.2%, and 88.3%, respectively. Grade 3-5 late toxicity was observed in 7 patients, resulting in 93% 5-year freedom from high-grade toxicity. Conclusions: This study suggests that the probability of LC of skull base chordomas depends on postoperative GTV. The dose adaptive protocol achieves acceptable local control. Future studies should investigate whether further dose escalation to doses in excess of 74 Gy(RBE) would achieve better results. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.