Metabonomic Study of Aristolochic Acid I-induced Acute Renal Toxicity Urine at Female and Male C57BL/6J Mice Based on 1H NMR

The present work illustrates the metabolic changes of aristolochic acid I-induced acute renal toxicity urine at male and female C57BL/6J mice, which would help to understand the mechanism of renal toxicity and the differences in the metabolism at female and male mice after AAI treatment. The results showed that AAI nephrotoxicity mainly resulted from AAI inhibited the tricaboxylic acid cycle and energy metabolism, damaged the ecology of intestinal flora, changed the osmotic pressure inside and outside the kidney cells, depressed creatinine clearance rate and caused the injury of renal tubular and glomerular. Metabolic pattern analysis also showed that male mice were more sensitive to AAI renal toxicity than the female. These results suggested that urine H-1 NMR-based metabonomics probably provides a novel insight into the study of drug toxicity mechanism and the toxicity gender differences.