Triptolide-induced oxidative stress involved with Nrf2 contribute to cardiomyocyte apoptosis through mitochondrial dependent pathways

Triptolide (TP), a major active ingredient extracted from the widely used Chinese herb Triptelygium wilfordii Hook f. (TWHF), has been demonstrated to possess various biological activities. However, the clinical applications of TP are limited by its narrow therapeutic window and severe toxicity. The current study aimed to investigate the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria in TP-induced cardiac injury. Male BALB/C mice were intravenously (i.v.) treated with a single dose of TP (12 mg/kg). After 24h, TP induced the oxidative stress, mitochondria] dysfunction, apoptotic damage, and pathological changes of heart tissue. In vitro studies also indicated that the cytotoxic effects of TP involved the ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent pathway in H9c2 cells. TP treatment increased the accumulation of ROS and subsequently triggered cell apoptosis by depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi(m)), reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, released cytochrome c and, ultimately, activated caspase-3. Nrf2, as well as its downstream antioxidants, were also suppressed by TP. Taken together, these results suggest that TP induces cardiotoxicity in vivo and in vitro via oxidative stress, which was associated with down regulated Nrf2 activation, and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.