The Pathophysiology, Presentation and Management of Ischaemic Colitis: A Systematic Review

There are currently no guidelines on the long-term management of patients after an episode of acute ischaemic colitis. Our aim was to review the literature on the pattern of presentation and the pathophysiology of this condition and to understand the current status of the acute and long-term management of ischaemic colitis. Furthermore, we aim to provide recommendations for the clinicians in regard to the acute and long-term management of ischaemic colitis. A review of the English literature over the last 15 years was performed using Embase and Medline. Search terms were ischaemic OR ischemic, colitis OR colon. Two reviewers screened the papers against pre-determined eligibility criteria. A senior consultant surgeon performed a final overview. Three hundred sixty-eight papers were identified on the initial search; 318 were irrelevant and 17 were conference abstracts; both were excluded. Thirty-three full articles were assessed for suitability; nine were further excluded. Twenty-four articles were included in the final analysis and cross-referenced against those listed in the systematic reviews. There is a large clinical heterogeneity in inclusion criteria (histological, radiological, endoscopic, surgical specimen). Twelve out of 24 articles included patients only based on histological diagnosis. The definition of right and left (or nonright) ischaemic colitis was variable based on whether hepatic or splenic flexure was used as the cut-off point. Five retrospective case series highlighted that patients with isolated right-sided ischaemic colitis had a worse prognosis than those with left-sided colitis (higher mortality, need for surgery, length of hospital stay). The overall recurrence was 9%. There is a need for a higher-level evidence to guide clinicians on the long-term management of patients following an episode of acute colonic ischaemia. Further evidence is required to determine whether right colonic ischaemia should be managed differently from left.