Occurrence, influencing factors, toxicity, regulations, and abatement approaches for disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water: A comprehensive review

被引:156
作者
Kali, Sundas [1 ]
Khan, Marina [1 ]
Ghaffar, Muhammad Sheraz [1 ]
Rasheed, Sajida [2 ]
Waseem, Amir [3 ]
Iqbal, Muhammad Mazhar [4 ,5 ]
Niazi, Muhammad Bilal khan [6 ]
Zafar, Mazhar Iqbal [1 ]
机构
[1] Quaid I Azam Univ, Fac Biol Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
[2] Univ Kotli, Dept Biotechnol, Fac Sci, Azad Jamu Kashmir, Pakistan
[3] Quaid I Azam Univ, Dept Chem, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
[4] Univ Ghent, Dept Appl Analyt & Phys Chem, Lab Analyt Chem & Appl Ecochem, Ghent, Belgium
[5] Govt Punjab, Soil & Water Testing Lab, Dept Agr, Chiniot, Pakistan
[6] Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Islamabad, Pakistan
关键词
Chlorination; Drinking water; Disinfection by-products; Occurrence; Influencing factors; Toxicity; Abatement approaches; NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER; MAMMALIAN-CELL CYTOTOXICITY; ACTIVATED CARBON; SURFACE-WATER; HALOACETIC ACIDS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; HALOGENATED DBPS; RECLAIMED WATER; METAL-IONS; TRIHALOMETHANES;
D O I
10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116950
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Disinfection is considered as a vital step to ensure the supply of clean and safe drinking water. Various approaches are adopted for this purpose; however, chlorination is highly preferred all over the world. This method is opted owing to its several advantages. However, it leads to the formation of certain byproducts. These chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) are genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. Still chlorination is being practiced worldwide. Present review gives insights into the occurrence, toxicity and factors affecting the formation of regulated (THMs, HAAs) and emerging DBPs (N-DBPs, HKs, HAs and aromatic DBPs) found in drinking water. Furthermore, remediation techniques used to control DBPs have also been summarized here. Key findings are: (i) concentration of regulated DBPs surpassed the permissible limit in most of the regions, (ii) high chlorine dose, high NOM, more reaction time (up to 3 h) and high temperature (up to 30 degrees C) enhance the formation of THMs and HAAs, (iii) high pH favors the formation of THMs while low pH is suitable of the formation of HAAs, (iv) high NOM, low temperature, low chlorine dose and moderate pH favors the formation of unstable DBPs (N-DBPs, HKs and HAs), (v) DBPs are toxic not only for humans but for aquatic fauna as well, (vi) membrane technologies, enhanced coagulation and AOPs remove NOM, (vii) adsorption, air stripping and other physical and chemical methods are post-formation approaches (viii) step-wise chlorination is assumed to be an efficient method to reduce DBPs formation without any treatment. Toxicity data revealed that N-DBPs are found to be more toxic than C-DBPs and aromatic DBPs than aliphatic DBPs. In majority of the studies, merely THMs and HAAs have been studied and USEPA has regulated just these two groups. Future studies should focus on emerging DBPs and provide information regarding their regulation. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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页数:15
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