Information and noise in quantum measurement

Even though measurement results obtained in the real world are generally both noisy and continuous, quantum measurement theory tends to emphasize the ideal limit of perfect precision and quantized measurement results. In this article, a more general concept of noisy measurements is applied to investigate the role of quantum noise in the measurement process. In particular, it is shown that the effects of quantum noise can be separated from the effects of information obtained in the measurement. However, quantum noise is required to "cover up" negative probabilities arising as the quantum limit is approached. These negative probabilities represent fundamental quantum-mechanical correlations between the measured variable and the variables affected by quantum noise.