Submesoscale Eddies in the Upper Ocean of the Kuroshio Extension from High-Resolution Simulation: Energy Budget

The submesoscale energy budget is complex and remains understood only in region-by-region analyses. Based on a series of nested numerical simulations, this study investigated the submesoscale energy budget and flux in the upper ocean of the Kuroshio Extension, including some innovations for examining submesoscale energy budgets in general. The highest-resolution simulation on a similar to 500-m grid resolves a variety of submesoscale instabilities allowing an energetic analysis in the submesoscale range. The frequency-wavenumber spectra of vertical vorticity variance (i.e., enstrophy) and horizontal divergence variance were used to identify the scales of submesoscale flows as distinct from those of inertia-gravity waves but dominating horizontal divergence variance. Next, the energy transfers between the background scales and the submesoscale were examined. The submesoscale kinetic and potential energy (SMKE and SMPE) were mainly contained in the mixed layer and energized through both barotropic (shear production) and baroclinic (buoyancy production) routes. Averaged over the upper 50m of ROMS2, the baroclinic transfers amounted to approximately 75% of the sources for the SMKE(3.42x10(-9) Wkg(-1)) versus the remaining 25% (1.12x10(-9) Wkg(-1)) via barotropic downscale KE transfers. The KE field was greatly strengthened by energy sources through the boundary-this flux is larger than the mesoscale-to-submesoscale transfers in this region. Spectral energy production, importantly, reveals upscale KE transfers at larger submesoscales and downscale KE transfers at smaller submesoscales (i.e., a transition from inverse to forward KE cascade). This study seeks to extend our understanding of the energy cycle to the submesoscale and highlight the forward KE cascade induced by upper-ocean submesoscale activities in the research domain.