Investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flow affected by nonuniform MHD over exponential stretching/shrinking plate

Hybrid nanofluids, which are formed by dispersing two solid materials in a conventional fluid, have recently attracted the attention of researchers as they are able to improve the thermal properties. The present article, therefore, conducts a numerical analysis to investigate the heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow of magnetic nanofluid (ferrofluid) across a bidirectional exponentially stretching sheet of hybrid nanofluid. Suitable similarity transformations convert the conservative equations for mass, energy, and momentum into ordinary differential equations. To solve these equations, a fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method is used. The findings revealed that with the enhancement of shape factor and generation/absorption parameters, the temperature over the surface increased. But if this parameter is decreased, the temperature profiles move towards the surface. Also, when exponent parameter is decreased, the temperature profiles go near the surface and a larger temperature exponent parameter means decreased heat transfer rate closer to the surface. The findings prove that skin friction coefficient corresponds to magnetic and suction/injection parameters and local Nusselt number is decreased with larger exponent parameter and heat absorption/generation parameter.