Spawning Site Selection and Potential Implications of Modified Flow Regimes on Viability of Gulf Sturgeon Populations

Rapid human population growth and an associated increase in consumptive water demands within the ecologically diverse Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River basin of the southeastern United States have led to a series of highly publicized water wars, exacerbated by recent drought conditions, between the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. A key issue is how managing riverine flows to meet human water needs will affect the viability of species that are federally listed as threatened or endangered, including the Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi. Our present understanding of Gulf sturgeon ecology within the Apalachicola River basin indicates that altered riverine flow regimes may affect spawning success and possibly the recruitment patterns of the population. Through intensive field work, we documented Gulf sturgeon spawning site selection in the Apalachicola River and then evaluated the relationship between river stage and the available spawning habitat at these sites. We then used an age-structured simulation model to assess the effects of changes in recruitment patterns on population viability using hypothetical scenarios based on changes in flow regime and its effect on available spawning habitat. Over 3 years we were able to collect almost 500 Gulf sturgeon eggs in the Apalachicola River at three different spawning sites. We observed that the depths and flows where eggs were found were similar across years and sites despite varying river conditions. River discharges of less than 142 m(3)/s at Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam significantly reduced the spawning habitat available to Gulf sturgeon at all known spawning sites, potentially affecting recruitment. Gulf sturgeon populations are probably sensitive to changes in recruitment, and if extreme low-flow events occur with increasing frequency owing to water management policy choices or climatic events, population recovery could be impaired and the risk of extirpation could increase. Managers should consider the potential effects on Gulf sturgeon recruitment when determining future flow regime policies within the ACF.