Homomorphisms between diffeomorphism groups

For r >= 3, p >= 2, we classify all actions of the groups Diff(c)(r)(R) and Diff(+)(r)(S-1) by C-p-diffeomorphisms on the line and on the circle. This is the same as describing all non-trivial group homomorphisms between groups of compactly supported diffeomorphisms on 1-manifolds. We show that all such actions have an elementary form, which we call topologically diagonal. As an application, we answer a question of Ghys in the 1-manifold case: if M is any closed manifold, and Diff (infinity)(M)(0) injects into the diffeomorphism group of a 1-manifold, must M be one-dimensional? We show that the answer is yes, even under more general conditions. Several lemmas on subgroups of diffeomorphism groups are of independent interest, including results on commuting subgroups and flows.