Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in Portuguese maize and maize-based foods intended for human consumption

Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) and fumonisin B-2 (FB2) are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, which are field pathogens of maize. A survey was conducted on the incidences of FB1 and FB2 in both maize and derived products purchased in Portugal. The analytical method involved extraction with methanol-water, clean-up by immunoaffinity column and derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. Determination was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with spectrofluorimetric detection, with liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (LC/MS) confirmation. The presence of FB1 and FB2 was determined in 67 samples of maize and maize-based foods, such as flour, semolina, starch, sweet maize, cornflakes and other breakfast cereals, and snacks collected in 2005. FBs were found in 15 samples at concentrations ranging from 113 to 2026 mu g kg(-1). Two of the samples showed higher contamination levels than the limits established by the European Commission Regulation. None of the samples contained levels of fumonisins that would lead to an exposure exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI).