Self-Supporting Carbon Nanofibers with Ni-Single-Atoms and Uniformly Dispersed Ni-Nanoparticles as Scalable Multifunctional Hosts for High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

The energy density of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) is currently hampered by modest sulfur loadings and high electrolyte/sulfur ratios (E/S). These limitations can potentially be overcome using easy-to-infiltrate sulfur hosts with high catalytic materials. However, catalytic materials in such hosts are very susceptible to agglomeration due to the lack of efficient confinement in easy-to-infiltrate structures. Herein, using carbon dots as an aggregation limiting agent, the successful fabrication of self-supporting carbon nanofibers (CNF) containing Ni-single-atoms (Ni-SA) and uniformly dispersed Ni-nanoparticles (Ni-NP) of small sizes as multifunctional sulfur hosts is reported. The Ni-SA sites coordinated by such Ni-NP offer outstanding catalytic activity for sulfur reactions and CNF is an easy-to-infiltrate sulfur host with a large-scale preparation method. Accordingly, such hosts that can be prepared on a large scale enable sulfur cathodes to exhibit high sulfur utilization (66.5 mAh cm(-2) at approximate to 0.02 C) and cyclic stability (approximate to 86.1% capacity retention after 100 cycles at approximate to 0.12 C) whilst operating at a high sulfur loading (50 mg cm(-2)) and low E/S (5 mu L mg(-1)). This work provides a blueprint toward practical LSBs with high energy densities.