Causes and symptomsof varicose veins

Background: Varicose veins are a common disease that cause edema, heaviness, pigmentation, and skin ulcers, ultimately affecting the quality of life. Various treatments have recently been developed; therefore, clinicians need to understand the anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, and symptoms of varicose veins to provide optimal treatment. Current Concepts: Lower extremity veins are composed of deep, superficial, perforating, and communicating vein systems, and the main axial superficial veins are composed of the great and small saphenous veins. Venous circulation primarily relies on muscle pumps in the foot and calf. Pressure on the sole and contraction of calf muscles compress the veins, sending blood upward or to the deep vein system. Varicose veins are caused by valvular abnormalities, muscle pump failure, etc., and associated risk factors include age, pregnancy, obesity, and family history. The main symptoms include heaviness, fatigue, and edema. Discussion and Conclusion: Varicose veins have complex anatomical structures and are developed by various factors. Therefore, appropriate treatments should be selected considering patients' symptoms, anatomical structure, and economic aspects.