Etiopathogenesis and risk factors for placental accreta spectrum disorders

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders, comprising placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, are associated with serious maternal morbidity and mortality in both the developed and the developing world. The incidence of PAS has increased in the recent years, and the rising rates of cesarean section rate, placenta accreta in previous pregnancies, and other uterine surgeries including myomectomies and repeated endometrial curettage are implicated in its etiopathogenesis. The absolute risk of PAS increases with the number of previous cesarean sections. The PAS remains undiagnosed in one-half to two-thirds of cases, thus increasing maternal morbidity and mortality. Understanding etiopathogenesis and risk factors of this condition allows early diagnosis and planning of delivery, and thereby would help improve maternal and fetal outcomes. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.