Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Vitis vinifera L.: An Updated Review

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are commonly known grape species that belong to the Vitis genus in the Vitaceae family and come from western Asia and southern Europe. This review consists of traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, nutritional constituents, pharmacological activities, genotoxicological studies, and toxicity studies of V. vinifera. The data were obtained from scientific databases and search engines such as PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and MDPI. In some countries, grapes used for traditional uses, such as drug therapy for blood-forming, anemia, allergies, wound care, colds and flu, carminative, bronchitis, diarrhea, and anti-phlegm. The main phytochemical compounds in V. vinifera are phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenoids. Nutritional constituents can be found in grapevines, i.e., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Parts of the grapevines had a wide variety of biological activities, i.e., antioxidant, antiviral, antiplatelet, antifungal, anticataract, antiobesity, anticholinergic, anti-sunburn, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities. The phytochemical compounds content in each part of the grapevines were different. Each pharmacological activity depends on the grapevine's phytochemical compounds, components used, and extraction type. However, more studies are needed regarding the genotoxicity and toxicity of V. vinifera.