Coping with an exogenous glucose overload: glucose kinetics of rainbow trout during graded swimming

This study examines how chronically hyperglycemic rainbow trout modulate glucose kinetics in response to graded exercise up to critical swimming speed (U-crit), with or without exogenous glucose supply. Our goals were 1) to quantify the rates of hepatic glucose production (R-a glucose) and disposal (R-d glucose) during graded swimming, 2) to determine how exogenous glucose affects the changes in glucose fluxes caused by exercise, and 3) to establish whether exogenous glucose modifies U-crit or the cost of transport. Results show that graded swimming causes no change in R-a and R-d glucose at speeds below 2.5 body lengths per second (BL/s), but that glucose fluxes may be stimulated at the highest speeds. Excellent glucoregulation is also achieved at all exercise intensities. When exogenous glucose is supplied during exercise, trout suppress hepatic production from 16.4 +/- 1.6 to 4.1 +/- 1.7 mu mol.kg(-1).min(-1) and boost glucose disposal to 40.1 +/- 13 mu mol.kg(-1).min(-1) . These responses limit the effects of exogenous glucose to a 2.5-fold increase in glycemia, whereas fish showing no modulation of fluxes would reach dangerous levels of 114 mM of blood glucose. Exogenous glucose reduces metabolic rate by 16% and, therefore, causes total cost of transport to decrease accordingly. High glucose availability does not improve U-crit because the fish are unable to take advantage of this extra fuel during maximal exercise and rely on tissue glycogen instead. In conclusion, trout have a remarkable ability to adjust glucose fluxes that allows them to cope with the cumulative stresses of a glucose overload and graded exercise.