Ambient volatile organic compounds in a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin: Concentration levels, source apportionment and health risk assessment

被引:116
作者
Yang, Yuan [1 ,2 ]
Ji, Dongsheng [1 ]
Sun, Jie [1 ]
Wang, Yinghong [1 ]
Yao, Dan [1 ]
Zhao, Shuman [1 ]
Yu, Xuena [3 ]
Zeng, Limin [3 ]
Zhang, Renjian [1 ]
Zhang, Hao [5 ]
Wang, Yonghong [1 ,4 ]
Wang, Yuesi [1 ,2 ,6 ]
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China
[2] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
[3] Peking Univ, State Joint Key Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China
[4] Univ Helsinki, Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res Phys, Fac Sci, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
[5] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
[6] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Reg Atmospher Environm, Inst Urban Environm, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, Peoples R China
关键词
VOCs; Source apportionment; Health risk assessment; Vehicle exhaust; Solvent utilization; YANGTZE-RIVER DELTA; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; EMISSION INVENTORY; OZONE FORMATION; AIR-POLLUTANTS; COMPOUNDS VOCS; POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; OBSERVATIONAL DATA; RECEPTOR MODELS;
D O I
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133889
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have vital implications for secondary pollutants, atmospheric oxidation and human health. Ambient VOCs were investigated using an online system, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID), at a suburban site in Xianghe in the North China Plain from 6 November 2017 to 29 January 2018. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model was applied to identify the major VOC contributing sources. Four-step health risk assessment method was used to estimate risks of all risk-posing VOC species. A total of 101 VOCs were quantified, and the mean concentration of total VOCs was 61.04 +/- 65.18 ppbv. The VOCs were dominated by alkanes (38.76%), followed by alkenes, aromatics, halocarbons, OVOCs, acetylene and acetonitrile. The results of PMF revealed that vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, liquefied petroleum gas & natural gas, solvent utilization and secondary and long-lived species contributed 31.0%, 26.4%, 18.6%, 13.6% and 10.4%, respectively, to the total VOCs. Pollutant-specific and source-specific non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk estimates were conducted, which showed that acrolein and vehicle exhaust had evident noncarcinogenic risks of 4.9 and 0.9, respectively. The carcinogenic risks of specific species (1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroformand 1,2-dichloroethane) and identified sources were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) acceptable level (1.0 x 10(-6)) but below the tolerable risk level (1.0 x 10(-4)). Vehicle exhaust was the largest contributor (56.2%) to noncarcinogenic risk, but solvent utilization (32.6%) to carcinogenic risk. Moreover, with the evolution of pollution levels, almost all VOC species, contributions of alkenes, aromatics, solvent utilization and vehicle exhaust, and pollutant-specific and source-specific risks increased continuously and noticeably. Collectively, our findings unraveled the importance of alkenes, aromatics, solvent utilization and vehicle exhaust in the evolution of pollution levels. Future studies should consider targeting these VOC groups and sources when focusing on effective reduction strategies and assessing public health risks. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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页数:13
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