Self-reported competence in female and male nursing students in the light of theories of hegemonic masculinity and femininity

Background In most parts of the world, nursing historically has been considered an occupation for women. Gender stereotypes are associated with the nursing profession. Aim The aim was to describe and compare the self-reported competence in female and male nursing students. The students were also compared according to their different background college educations. The theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity and femininity was used. Design A cross-sectional design with a questionnaire was used at two points in time, 2012 and 2017. Methods Nursing students completed a questionnaire on graduation from a 3-year university nursing program from 12 universities/university colleges in Sweden. In total, 1810 students were participating, 1577 female and 227 male students. The Nurse Professional Competence scale was used for data collection. Results There were statistically significant differences in the self-reported competence between female and male students (t tests and ANOVAs). These differences are in agreement with the patterns of hegemonic masculinity and femininity. Female students estimated their competence in giving value-based nursing care as higher than males. Male students estimated their competence in development and leadership higher than females. Conclusion The pattern of hegemonic masculinity and femininity could be identified. This indicates a difference in power between female and male students. Impact The study addresses the self-reported competence of female and male nursing students. The results indicated that male students possibly looked on themselves as superior to the female students. In order to change the image of nursing as a woman ' s work, the self-images should be discussed in nursing education as well as in college education. Women interested in development, research, and leadership and men interested in nursing care and administration must feel that nursing is a suitable profession for them. The stereotypical image of nursing as a women's work is a barrier to nurses' professional development.