Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with symptomatic heart failure

Background: Heart failure is a common, costly, and debilitating illness. Resynchronization of ventricular contraction in patients with heart failure improves ejection fraction. The long-term morbidity and costs associated with such cardiac resynchronization therapy remain unclear. Objective: To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Design: Markov model with Monte Carlo simulation. Future costs and effects were discounted at 3%. Data Sources: Effects data were obtained from a concurrent systematic review. Health-related quality-of-life and cost data were obtained from publicly available data or from surveys. Target Population: Patients with reduced ventricular function and prolonged QRS. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: U.S. health care system. Interventions: Cardiac resynchronization therapy versus medical therapy. Outcome Measures: Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness. Results of Base-Case Analysis: Medical therapy yielded a median of 2.64 (interquartile range, 2.47 to 2.82) discounted QALYs and a median discounted lifetime cost of $34400 (interquartile range, $31100 to $37700). Cardiac resynchronization therapy was associated with a median incremental cost of $107800 (interquartile range, $79800 to $156500) per additional QALY. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Results were sensitive to changes in several variables, including the relative risk for death or hospitalization. Limitations: These results apply to patients who meet the inclusion criteria of the currently completed trials. Conclusions: The incremental cost per QALY for cardiac resynchronization is similar to that of other commonly used interventions but is sensitive to changes in several key variables. Resynchronization therapy should not be considered in patients with comorbid illness that shortens life expectancy.