The contribution of NTFPS to rural livelihoods in different agro-ecological zones of South Africa

Although many studies have examined the contributions of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to rural livelihoods, relatively few consider the context in which income shares are shaped. A core one is the local agro-ecological potential because it moulds possible land use options and the potential balance between agricultural and NTFP activities. Using income surveys of 1200 households, this paper examined the absolute and relative contribution of NTFP income at six sites each paired across a gradient of differing agro-ecological potential. The results showed a mean income share from NTFPs of 15% when state social grants are included in household income, or 30% when social grants are excluded. There was a U-shaped relationship between NTFP income share and agro-ecological potential, being highest in sites of very low and of high potential and lower at more intermediate levels. There was a positive association between NTFP income and arable agriculture income. These results indicate complex interactions between choice of household income strategies and local environmental conditions, which require greater appreciation in NTFP studies and land use planning.