Transcriptomic profiling of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus reveals differentially expressed genes in response to ethanol

Pinewood releases ethanol and other volatile compounds after Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection. In the current study, we examined the influence of different ethanol concentrations on B. xylophilus reproduction. Low-concentrations of ethanol (8.5, 17, and 34 mM) increased egg production in B. xylophilus, whereas higher-concentrations (156 and 312 mM) reduced egg production. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to explore the molecular response of a low concentration of ethanol on the nematodes. The results suggest that the nem-atodes use ethanol as an energy source, which may promote survival. Ethanol induced changes in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Furthermore, ethanol promoted the expression of detoxification-related, cell wall-degrading, and reproduction-related genes. Such responses might contribute to the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus.