Comparative analysis of deep learning based building extraction methods with the new VHR Istanbul dataset

Automatic building segmentation from satellite images is an important task for various applications such as urban mapping, disaster management and regional planning. With the broader availability of very highresolution satellite images, deep learning-based techniques have been broadly used for remote sensing imagerelated tasks. In this study, we generated a new building dataset, the Istanbul dataset, for the building segmentation task. 150 Ple ' iades image tiles of 1500 x 1500 pixels covering an area of 85 km2 area of Istanbul city were used and approximately 40,000 buildings were labelled, representing different building structures and spatial distribution. We extensively investigated the ideal architecture, encoder and hyperparameter settings for building segmentation tasks using the new Istanbul dataset. More than 60 experiments were conducted by applying state-of-the-art architectures such as U-Net, Unet++, DeepLabv3+, FPN and PSPNet with different pretrained encoders and hyperparameters. Our experiments showed that Unet++ architecture using SE-ResNeXt101 encoder pre-trained with ImageNet provides the best results with 93.8% IoU on the Istanbul dataset. In order to prove our solution's generalizability, the ideal network has also been trained separately on Inria and Massachusetts building segmentation datasets. The networks have produced IoU values of 75.39% and 92.53% on the Inria and Massachusetts datasets, respectively. The results indicate that our ideal network solution settings outperform other methods in terms of building segmentation even without any specific architectural modification. The weights files and inference notebook is available on: https://github.com/TolgaBkm/Istanbul_Dataset.