Long-Term Dynamics of Ice Phenomena-An Indicator of Global Warming in the Southern Urals

The article presents the first study of the long-term dynamics of ice phenomena in lakes of different landscape-climate zones in the Southern Urals. The overwhelming majority of lakes, whatever their typology and geographic occurrence, show a decrease in the duration of the period of ice phenomena at a longer open-water period because of the later freeze-up. The governing factor in the long-term dynamics of ice phenomena is the mean annual air temperature. The largest is the effect of the average air temperature in the freeze-up period (October-March). The morphometric, hydrological, and hydrochemical characteristics have no direct effect on the differences in the long-term dynamics of ice phenomena in individual lakes. These differences are determined by the landscape-climate zones. The difference between water bodies in urbanized landscapes and other water bodies is much greater than that between the lakes in natural landscape-climate zones.