The effects of cheilectomy on dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint

Our purpose in this study was to determine the effects of cheilectomy on the mechanics of dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Ten fresh-frozen cadaver feet were utilized, of which two demonstrated radiographic evidence of hallux rigidus. Each specimen was rigidly mounted on a custom-made slide tray that was articulated with a hinge mechanism designed to dorsiflex the first MTP joint. Range-of-motion measurements were made on the first MTP joint. Cheilectomy of 30% of the metatarsal head diameter was performed. Lateral radiographs with the beam centered on the MTP joint were taken with the joint at neutral, 20 degrees, 40 degrees, and at the limits of dorsiflexion. This process was repeated after a 50% cheilectomy was performed. The radiographs were examined for changes in joint congruence and in patterns of surface motion as the hallux moved from neutral to full dorsiflexion. Instant centers of rotation were determined by a method first described by Rouleaux. We constructed surface velocity vectors to describe patterns of motion of the first MTP joint. The mean dorsiflexion of the first MTP joint was 67.9 degrees and increased to 78.3 degrees after 30% cheilectomy. The increase in dorsiflexion was significantly greater in the two specimens with hallux rigidus (33%) than in the other specimens (12.1%). After both levels of cheilectomy, the proximal phalanx demonstrated pivoting at the resection site on the metatarsal head. This pivoting resulted in abnormal motion patterns across the MTP joint. Normal sliding motion predominated in early dorsiflexion, with compression peaking at the end stage of dorsiflexion, producing jamming of the articular surfaces. Cheilectomy significantly increased dorsiflexion of the MTP joint, but resulted in abnormal motion patterns. The increase in dorsiflexion resulted from pivoting of the proximal phalanx on the metatarsal head, resulting in anomalous velocity vectors and compression across the MTP joint.