Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin Prior and Concurrent to Preoperative Pelvic Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Long-Term Outcome

In a prospective long-term follow-up of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with radio-chemotherapy and surgery, downstaging of tumor and nodal status were significant predictors for longer progression-free and overall survival. A high local control rate of trimodal treatment comes at the cost of considerable long-term toxicity, with patient-reported dissatisfaction of bowel function even years after treatment. Background: The risk/benefit ratio of any treatment can only be fully assessed if long-term results of both efficacy and toxicity are taken into account. Whereas the combined modality treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has considerably improved prognosis, particularly with regard to local control, long-term results-including patient-reported outcomes-are underreported. Patients and Methods: Patients with LARC treated within a multicenter single-arm phase II study were prospectively assessed for at least 5 years after surgery. Study treatment consisted of capecitabine and oxaliplatin prior and concurrent to preoperative pelvic radiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision. Progression-free survival time (first endpoint), overall survival time, and pattern of relapse were analyzed in the whole study population and in pre-planned exploratory subgroups. Patient-reported outcomes, including overall satisfaction with bowel, stoma, and urinary function, were assessed in 6-month intervals. Results: Five-year progression-free and overall survival rate was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-73%) and 78% (95% CI, 63%-87%), respectively. Distant to local recurrence rate was 3: 1, with only 8% of patients relapsing locally. Main predictors for recurrence in univariate analyses were tumor downstaging (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05-0.56; P = .0011) and nodal downstaging (hazard ratio, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.52; P = .0005). The self-reported burden of symptoms related to bowel function was high in up to one-third of patients. A total of 28% of patients were dissatisfied with their urinary, bowel, or stoma function for at least 1 observation period. Conclusion: Combined-modality treatment of LARC results in a high and durable local disease control rate, especially in patients with tumor and/or nodal downstaging, at the cost of relevant long-term toxicity. Long-term care is required for a proportion of patients with poor gastrointestinal and/or urinary function after multimodality therapy. Reporting of long-term follow-up, including patient-recorded outcomes should be mandatory for future trials in LARC.